Editorial
Ranjana Ray
Sarmistha De Basu
The Editors

This special issue covers a wide range of subjects. In addition to other articles, this volume contains papers, which were invited and presented in a webinar on Indo-Japan relationship. In the article entitled Indo-JapaneseRelations-Traditional and Present Scenario, PurabiGangulihas discussed the historicity of the relationship between the two countries through more than the last 1500 years, though diplomatic relationship between the two countries is established only in the year 1952. She has pointed out the role of spirituality, especially through diffusion of the doctrine of Buddhism.DebanjanGhosh in the article The Evolving Landscape of Educational and career Opportunities between India and Japan, discussed on the opportunities in terms of education and exchange programmes, with a view to strengthening the bond between the two countries.

Tanaka Kenechi,AneesahNishaat andMineiYusakufrom Japan in the jointly authored paper entitled, Comparative Study of moral Education in India and Japan,have discussed from the pedagogical view point, the moral education system provided in the school text books, in both the countries. A comparison of the systems has shown the difference in terms of Japan having a homogenous population as opposed to much diversity present among the communities in India.

The paper entitled, Harappan Imageries and Artistic Liberty: A Socio-economic Analysis of Power Struggle Based on the Depictions Represented on Seals and Sealingsby Sabah Salim is an attempt at deciphering and interpreting Harappan seals and sealings from a new perspective of power and authority of the contemporary society. The paper, IronMetallurgy in Manipur with reference to the ancient iron smelting sites at Kakching: an archaeological and empirical approachis written jointly by NaoremNaresh Singh and OinamRanjit Singh. They have made an attempt at finding the history of Iron technology in the state of Manipur with special attention to the ancient iron smelting place at Kakching in the state.

From Monarchy to Democracy: Indo-Bhutan Relations in Transition, by Sanjit Pal gives a historical account of change in political situation of Bhutan. Discussion is based on Indo-Bhutan relationship in terms of politics, trade and security against invasion from neighboring countries.

There are a number of articles focusing on gender and community based studies. Mohana Das and MadhurimaMukhopadhyay, jointly wrote the paper, Envisioning an Empowered Dalit Future: Resistance, Acceptance, and Liberation through Selected Works of Bengali Dalit.Writers.As the title suggests she has taken three stories, one written by Mahasweta Devi and two by MonoranjanByapari. On these backdrops of literature the future of dalit communities is assessed.Another paper entitled,Strength in Solidarity: Exploring Women’s Empowerment in KhaledHosseini’s: A Thousand Splendid Sunsby K. Jaya is also on literature study. She had shown that women may achieve power if they join hands and make collaborative effort for achieving the same as shown in Hosseini’s work.

Paper titled, Does Appearance Related Anxiousness Hint towards Body DysmorphicDisorder? A Gender-based Enquiry about Appearance Concern is written by RituparnaGhosh. The article dealt with a disorder known as Body Dysmorphic Disorder. The author made an attempt at finding out if anxiousness about appearance is related to this disorder. The study is with primary data and concerns both men and women of different age groups and she tried to find out if there is any relationship between use of social media and body dissatisfaction.The paper,gender equity and health: examining health policies for women in IndiabySanchitaChakrabarti, examines health status of women with the use of secondary data from National Family Health Survey. Study is made from diverse aspects related to health of a woman and has suggested implementation of proper health policy for women in India. The paper, Unveiling the Dark Legacy of Witch Hunts: Exploring Causes, Consequences, and Mental Health Impacts, written under joint authorship of Bhupendra Mishra, UttiyaBasu,and Purbita Das,pointed out the evil practice of witch hunting. They have given data of such practices prevailing in Africa and India. They have identified the types of women who are usually marked as witches and not only discussed the practices but also have given an account of Law and Acts that are there for the prevention of witch hunting and made some suggestion for policy of the government for prevention of such heinous practices. Focus is laid on women’s right in the paper, Legislation to Implementation: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Legal Protections for Marginalized Women in India, written jointly by Debdatta Das,Paramita Bhattacharyya and SudiptaAdhikary. Although it is believed that gender discrimination is absent among the tribal communities in India, the paper Gender Disparities in Education: Insights from Tribal Populations in Jharkhandby Rita Biswas, RenuJahagirdar and SudiptaAdhikary, has pointed out that disparity exists in providing education to girl children among the tribal communities studied by them. With the question of women empowerment by providing cash for education to female school going students,SukanyaGhosh,JyotikaTeckchandani and Neeta Tripathi wrote the paper Conditional Cash Transfer Schemes and Women Empowerment: A CaseStudy of KanyashreePrakalpa in West Bengal. The authors researched upon KanyasreeProkolpo in an urban district, Kolkata and in a rural area in Purulia district of West Bengal. They reported success of the project but at the same time suggested some measures on the part of Government to make it more supportive to the cause of women empowerment.

The paper, Navigating Stigma: Adaptation Challenges of Divorced Women in Bangladesh—A Qualitative Exploration,is by NafisaTabassumBristi, Md. Abdul Kader Miah and Prakash Chandra Roy from the department criminology, Bangladesh. They have written about the pathetic situation of divorced women in Bangladesh. They have suggested measures for alleviating their condition in the society. From Divorced women the switch over is to single mothers in the paper,Perceived Life Satisfaction of Institutionalised Single Mothers and Recommended Social Work Intervention in Karnataka State by K. Harish andP.G. Aquinas. The study is made of the single mothers, who are institutionalised at “Swadhargreah”, safe house, in the state of Karnatak, India. The women studied were in the age range of 15 to 39 years.

The study showed that the women in the institutions are moderately satisfied with their life as single mothers.

There are two papers on the concept of “menstruation”. The paper Menstruation in Assam: Beliefs and Practices by PannaGargand UpalaBaruafocused on the rituals connected with the Goddess of Kamakshya in Assam. The attitude of both male and female are studied in respect to much needed process of menstruation in the life cycle of human kind. In Assam the concept rotates around the goddess, the beliefs and rituals connected with the process and significance of the puberty of the females in modern day Hindu society of Assam.The other paperis titled as, Monitoring Menstrual Health Knowledge, Communication Patterns and Taboos among University Students in India, by the authors Ashok Kumar, YuktiDhadwalandVinitYadav. The study is made in the state of Haryana, India. Sample size is 1698 students both from undergraduate and postgraduate classes in the universities.It is found that there is a gender specific need for communication about menstruation in educational institutions.

There are a few papers on trade and commerce. The paper entitled Customers' Perceptions of the Quality of Banking Services Following Mergers and Acquisitions: An Analysis of the SBI Mergerby Nisha. P.and K. Kanniammal. They have taken data from the clients of SBI at Palakkad, who were present at the time of the merger. They have used statistical methods for analysis of the data and found that the clients were satisfied with services that are provided after merger of the banks.NilamRai and Veer Mayank’s paper titled as Conflict between International Trade Provisions and Climate Change Policies, point out the conflict that has come up between the policy of World Trade Organization and environment conservation process of the planet earth. Authors, UttiyaBasu, Kaushik Banerjee, SudiptaAdhikary, and SubhamChatterjeein their paper,Religion’s Impact on India’s Commercial and Economic Practices, have categorically pointed out from historical to modern day business transactions carried out by groups of traders in India belonging to different religions, namely, Hinduism, Buddhist, Jainism and Islam. They concluded that religion has an important role inshaping trade and commerce in India. Criteria, like business ethics, social networks, trade routes, craftsmanship etc.,played important role in shaping and developing of trade through time in India.

There are papers which are on policy making in various sectors in India. GaddeOmprasad’s paper, Trends and Dynamics in India’s External Energy Policy,assessedIndia’s energy resources and policies for acquiring the deficit energy from international sources. Ivy Dhar in her paper, Finding the Blue Drums: A Micro Study on Urban Household Water in Delhi, deals with the formalization of informal in a number of unauthorized colonies in Delhi. Data is collected from 90 households of two unauthorized colonies, Khadar and Sanjay. Lack of pipeline water supply has made the residents to pump out water from underground pipelines by the local residents. Paramita Bhattacharyya’s paper,A Deep Dive into the Effects of Eminent Domain on victims of Land Acquisitionin India, made a critique of Government policy in acquiring land for public and development purposes. The owner of the land acquisitioned is in a way is victimized. Teacher as a Reflective Practitioner: An Insight into NCF-2005, NCFTE-2009 and NEP-2020 isa paperby NilayMondal and K. N. Chattopadhyay. This is on pedagogy. They found that th reflective method is more effective. A teacher is to go back and reflect upon its teaching to find how effective it was for learning by the students. Another paper on education system in India is Institution-building Process in the Development of Multidisciplinary Institutions (MDI)by Yeasmin Sultana. In this paper the author has made analysis of National Level Educational Policy (NEP 2020) introduced by UGC, which advocated multidisciplinary institute building across the country by 2030. The author criticized such process of institute building.

The editors would like to thank the authors of the articles submitted for this volume. They are also grateful to the erudite reviewers, whose efforts and criticism has enriched this volume.

Indo Japanese Relation- Traditional and Present Scenario

Purabi Gangopadhyay

Abstract

India and Japan, two Asian civilizations, have been in continuous contact with each other for more than 1500 years.India was known to Japan as 'Tenjiku' or Heavenly Abode. And since 13th October, 538 CE Japanese started admiring Tenjiku as their spiritual motherland. But the Buddhism which was nourished in China and later found way to Japan through Korea had developed a new flavour of it’s own, that was in some respect deviated from the original Buddhism of India. Another surprising fact is that, it was Indian culture which only migrated and not accompanied with the Indian people. Later, visit of Indian monks and sages strengthened the Indo-Japanese spiritual relations. Moreover the zeal and interest of Japanese Buddhist monk-scholars fostered the tie more strongly. Names of the Japanese scholars like Eisai, Myoe and Indian scholars-monks like Bodhidharma, Bodhisena, Dharmapatha may be mentioned.

Since 19th century this relations took a new form and dimension. Visit of Swami Vivekananda, Tagore to Japan and visit of many Japanese scholars like TenshinOkakaura reconsolidated the Indo-Japanese fraternity. Some courses introduced by the Tokyo University, instead of the policy of ‘getting rid of Buddhism’ by the then government of Japan, popularized Indian philosophy in Japanese Archipelago. Two stalwarts of Indian independence movement, Rashbehari Bose and Netaji had very close contact with Japan.

Since the First diplomatic relation between these two countries established in 1952, many summits and different bilateral contact made this relation stronger in every year. And it will continue to become stronger day by day

The Evolving Landscape of Educational and Career Opportunities between India and Japan

Debanjan Ghosh

Abstract

India and Japan are the lands of new opportunities in terms of higher education, technical studies, research, and finding a suitable job. The paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the educational and professional exchange between these two nations, examining historical foundations, structural frameworks, curriculum strategies, and the pursuit of access, quality, and accountability. Searching into the nuances of educational, cultural, historical, and socio-economic contexts, the research sheds light on challenges faced by both nations and presents innovative practices. This comparative analysis offers valuable insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers seeking a deeper understanding of education systems, the growth of career opportunities, and the need for educational and professional exchanges in diverse cultural and economic contexts.

Keywords

India, Japan, Japanese language, education, exchange, career, job.

Comparative Study of Moral Education in India and Japan

Tanaka Kenichi, Aneesah Nishaat & Minei Yusaku

Abstract

This study compares the state of moral education in India and Japan. India started considering moral education as a national issue after gaining independence from British colonial rule. In case of Japan, moral education was introduced in schools in 1958 as “time for ethics.”

Approach toward the moral education has traversed different trajectory in two countries. Though moral education is deemed important, the diversity of Indian society and the discretion of state administrations regarding education make it challenging to establish uniform moral education at the national level. Therefore, there is not a dedicated textbook for moral education in India yet.However, moral education-related content is included in different textbooks such as English textbooks. On the other hand, establishing uniform moral education was not complicated for Japan due to its homogeneity and has a dedicated textbook for moral education. In both countries, continuous reform can be seen in educational policies for moral education.

However, from the comparison of textbooks in both countries, similar topics related to morality were found, but with a different approach to teaching them. Additionally, continuous reform can be seen in policies regarding moral education in both countries.

Keywords

Moral Education, Comparative Study, India, Japan

Harappan Imageries and Artistic Liberty: A Socio-economic Analysis of Power Struggle Based on the Depictions Represented on Seals and Sealings

Sabah Salim

Abstract

The imageries represented on the Harappan seals and sealings have long been a part of inconclusive debates and discussions. Each of these artifacts, bearing unusual and unique scenes may independently indicate a narrative in themselves since to associate them in a series, so as to assemble a complete picture is still quite difficult. These visual images, however, having been associated with social, religious and other aspects as singular scenes when speculated upon has till date reached an indecisive verdict. In view of the many possibilities that have already been put forward, this research article tries to delve inside the minds of the Harappan artists to bring into discussion new perspectives in terms of iconography and give it a socio-economic angle, looking beyond their mythological and religious interpretations that may have been exclusive to the Harappan people. It has been indicated in quite a few such depictions on seals and sealings that the Harappan world was somewhat experiencing a society where a kind power-play was being orchestrated by the hands of the elite few, that is, what we understand in modern times as a world consisting of the haves and have-nots, as in, the presence of an oligarchic society in terms of economic activities. This avenue will be the core concern of this paper and to postulate on the matter rather than to justify this notion.

Keywords

Economic, elite, Harappan, Iconography, oligarchic, Social, Seals, Sealings, zoomorphic

Iron Metallurgy in Manipur With Reference To the Ancient Iron Smelting Sites at Kakching: An Archaeological and Empirical Approach

Naorem Naresh Singh & OinamRanjit Singh

Abstract

Iron (Fe) is a metal found abundantly in the earth's crust and is considered one of the most important metals for the growth and development of human civilizations. Iron smelting is the technological process of extracting iron from its ores. Regarding the origin of the art of iron smelting in the world, most of the historian point towards Asia Minor (Anatolia and the Caucasus) in the region of Armenia, where the Hittites performed the iron-making processes around 1700 BCE. Manipur is one of the eight states of North East India, which was also an ancient kingdom with a long recorded history of its own. The growth and advancement of iron use and its metallurgy in the region is a very important area of research for the reconstruction of a precise history of technology in Manipur. This is when an iron-smelting community called the Kakchings comes to light. Historically, they are known for their expertise in the art of iron smelting. It is also suggested that they supplied iron to the kings of Manipur as a yearly tribute. This paper focuses on the introduction of iron use and its metallurgy in the ancient kingdom of Manipur, based on archaeological and literary sources. The significance of iron smelting sites found in and around Kakching is also analyzed for a better understanding of the development of iron metallurgy in Manipur.

Keywords

Iron, Iron smelting, Iron metallurgy, Kakchings, Khamlangba

From Monarchy to Democracy: Indo-Bhutan Relations in Transition

Sanjit Pal

Abstract

The enduring “special relationship” between India and Bhutan has evolved over the decades, shaped by shared cultural affinities, strategic interests, and developmental goals. This article examines how Bhutan’s gradual shift from monarchy to democracy has redefined diplomatic dynamics and policy frameworks between the two nations. While Bhutan’s transition to democracy was largely self-driven, India’s support has been crucial in facilitating this shift. Economically, India remains Bhutan’s largest trading partner and primary development aid contributor, supporting Bhutan in key sectors like hydropower, education, and infrastructure. Yet, Bhutan’s economic reliance on India brings certain limitations, including limited diversification and vulnerability to economic fluctuations within India. Geopolitically, Bhutan’s position between the major powers of India and China requires careful diplomacy to safeguard its sovereignty. For India, Bhutan’s independence and stability are vital to its broader regional security strategy. The article further explores points of convergence, such as hydropower collaboration, and areas of divergence, like Bhutan’s growing desire for more diplomatic freedom, which sometimes contrasts with India’s strategic priorities.

Keywords

Indo-Bhutan relations, democracy transition, economic ties, geopolitical strategy, hydropower collaboration

Envisioning an Empowered Dalit Future: Resistance, Acceptance, and Liberation through Selected Works of Bengali Dalit Writers

Mohana Das & Madhurima Mukhopadhyay

Abstract

Dalit literature means literature written by the Dalit and normally presents Dalits' oppression, hope, and agency. This paper explores the narratives of liberation and resistance in Mahasweta Devi's Mother of 1084 and ManoranjanByapari'sInterrogating My Chandal Life: An Autobiography of a Dalit. Dalit literature has therefore become one of the best ways through which people at the peripheries of Indian society can express their plight. Two compelling works provide a candid view of the abuses suffered by the Dalitsandgive the reader a glimpse of the author’s upward mobility from the state of pauperism to being a well-known writer and Dalit rights activist. Both together present a rich analysis of the themes of survival, survival, and the search for dignity. Looking through these works, it is possible to recognize the function of Dalit art as a means to protest against the conventional caste system and raise visions for the society that is completely just known as ‘Dalit-Futurism’.

Keywords

Dalit-futurism, autobiography, subjectivity, objectivity, memoir, resistance, liberation, acceptance, activism, education.

Strength in Solidarity: Exploring Women’s Empowerment in KhaledHosseini’s “A Thousand Splendid Suns’’

K. Jaya

Abstract

Women have historically been regarded as inferior, insignificant, and minority citizens. This has been built by societal conventions that have traditionally pushed women to the centre of debates. Women have been purposefully suppressed to the point where their lives have become terrible in the so-called patriarchal culture. This study delves into the portrayal of women’s empowerment through solidarity in KhaledHosseini’s novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns. The novel, set against the backdrop of Afghanistan's tumultuous history, vividly captures the struggles faced by Afghan women in an era of patriarchy. Drawing on feminist literary theory and socio-cultural analysis, this research investigates how Laila and Mariam navigate their lives, finding strength and agency through their deep bond of solidarity. Throughclosely examining the characters' experiences, the study explores how Laila and Mariam's relationship evolves from initial rivalry to a profound sisterhood forged by shared adversity and mutual support. This paper highlights how their collaborative efforts enable them to resist oppression, challenge gender norms, and pursue their aspirations despite the limitations imposed upon them.

Keywords

Women Empowerment, Solidarity, Patriarchy, Resilience, Sisterhood, Gender Equality

Does Appearance Related Anxiousness Hint towards Body Dysmorphic Disorder? A Gender-Based Enquiry about Appearance Concern

Rituparna Ghosh

Abstract

The idea of perfection is a myth or is vague. People nowadays are always striving for perfection, be it their looks, body image, clothing etc. But are there any exact criteria that makes us perfect? The rampant usage of social media has almost compelled us to believe in the abstract idea of perfection and the existence of a virtual world. The widespread usage of filters in clicked images have made our lives literally virtual. We are almost separated from the real-life situations. Appearance related anxiousness can be a symptom of Body Dysmorphic Disorders, which is known to be a very common disorder. People who are anxious about their appearance are not satisfied with their appearance and are engrossed with finding flaws in the same which is actually non-existent or is minimal. Generally, it is a common observation that women are more concerned about their appearance than men. Women are meant to be beautiful from the societal perspectives. Thus, it can be assumed that appearance related consciousness will be more among women than men. Anxiety related to appearance can affect individuals irrespective of all age groups. Concern about appearance starts at adolescence. Thus, in this paper an attempt has been made to study how much there is anxiousness about appearance among various age groups and gender belonging to varied spaces and whether these tendencies can indicate the presence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder or not.

Keywords

Appearance anxiety, virtual world, perfection, gender divide, non-existent flaws

Gender Equity and Health: Examining Health Policies for Women in India

Sanchita Chakrabarti

Abstract

Addressing the issue of health and more importantly, women’s health is largely dependent on societal and environmental factors. Interventions for women's health difficulties are necessary at every stage of their lives. The essay examines the distinction between gender equity and equality and how women's health has been addressed globally. By looking at secondary data on demographics, marriage and fertility patterns, sanitation, and nutritional status the study seeks to understand the Indian women’s health status. Additionally, the study examines the different health policies that have recently been created to address women’s health requirements. It concludes thereon that health issues of women are not an isolated issue and are intrinsically linked to education, employment opportunities, and participation in the decision-making process.

Keywords

Health, Gender Equity, patriarchy, nutrition, sanitation, hygiene, health policies

Unveiling the Dark Legacy of Witch Hunts: Exploring Causes, Consequences, and Mental Health Impacts

Bhupendra Mishra, Uttiya Basu & Purbita Das

Abstract

“India ‘witch hunters’ kill mother and four children” - read a news article from BBC on the 30th of January, 2019. In today’s modern world of metaverses and crypto currencies, a dark reality thrives – a reality often ignored in its entirety, a reality to which people shrug shoulders in disbelief. For there are some phenomena which make the Homo sapien sapiens too uncomfortable to even fathom at dinner table conversations, since they are not subjects that can be brought up by intellectuals at a party with beverages in their hands – such is the taboo associated with them. For such phenomena have been around for decades, if not millennia. Such an instance is the phenomenon of witchcraft, black magic, voodoo/hoodoo, tantra, whatever one may call it. In the sordid underbellies of vibrant neo noir cityscapes, the living breathing evil of such (often) misplaced beliefs draw breath and with each breath they draw, another’s comes to an end. This doctrinal research document shall provide an overview and summarize the practices of witch-hunting and the criminality thereof still prevalent today and shall delve into the matter of mental illness(es) associated with such unpleasantries and rituals which might be a factor influencing the same or which are but end products or byproducts.

Keywords

Witchcraft, Criminality, Criminal Law, Mental Illness, Witch Hunters, India

Legislation to Implementation: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Legal Protections for Marginalized Women in India

Debdatta Das, Paramita Bhattacharyya, & Sudipta Adhikary

Abstract

The struggle for marginalized women’s rights in India has been a complex journey, shaped by social movements, government policies, and ongoing challenges. Since Independence, Dalit, tribal, and rural women have fought for visibility and justice, often leading movements that challenge both patriarchy and caste oppression (Sharma, 2018, p. 45). Feminist activism, along with the efforts of NGOs and grassroots organizations, has played a crucial role in pushing for policy changes and legal reforms (Mukherjee, 2020, p. 112). While MGNREGA has provided economic independence to many rural women, structural barriers like wage gaps and worksite discrimination persist (Das, 2019, p. 78). Similarly, “BetiBachaoBetiPadhao”, has raised awareness about female education but has been criticized for inadequate implementation and a lack of substantial funding (Rao, 2021, p. 134). Despite legal frameworks designed to protect women's rights, deep-seated social norms and bureaucratic inefficiencies often limit meaningful progress. Existing policies frequently overlook intersectional challenges, particularly for women at the margins of society (Kumar, 2022, p. 56). Moreover, academic discourse on marginalized women’s rights tends to focus on broader feminist narratives, sometimes neglecting localized struggles and grassroots perspectives (Patel, 2017, p. 89). For real change, India must adopt a more inclusive approach—one that integrates intersectionality into legal, social, and policy frameworks.

Keywords

Marginalized Women’s Rights, Intersectionality in Policy, Feminist Activism in India, Legal Frameworks and Gender Equality, Social Movements and Justice

Gender Disparities in Education: Insights from Tribal Populations in Jharkhand

Rita Biswas, Renu Jahagirdar & Sudipta Adhikary

Abstract

Gender Disparity is a social practice that shows the difference between men and women in access to resources. In this context, the education sector is no exception. Orthodoxy is still carried out that does not allow educating a girl child, thus denying them the basic ‘Right to Education’. Educating girl is one of the fore most steps towards achieving empowerment of women. Being one of the educational backward sections of the society, the tribal communities are especially vulnerable in this regard. Thereby, the paper attempts to find the gender gap in literacy between different tribal communities of Jharkhand. The study makes use of doctrinal data from census of India, 2011 to calculate the disparity in literacy using Sopher’s index. The paper exhibits a negative relationship between literacy and gender among tribes of Jharkhand.

Keywords

Gender Gap, Literacy rate, Education level, Scheduled Tribes, Jharkhand

Conditional Cash Transfer Schemes and Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Kanyashree Prakalpa in West Bengal

Sukanya Ghosh, Jyotika Teckchandani & Neeta Tripathi

Abstract

The concept of "Women empowerment" has become a burning issue for quite some time. It cannot be denied that genderization is a deeply ingrained social phenomenon. Some of the signs of extremely unequal gender relations that are common in our society include the large male-female ratio, the gap in literacy rates among both the genders, the early marriage of girl children, the low rates of female participation in politics and the workforce, etc. To combat this practice of gender discrimination and improve the status of women in India, the Indian government has taken major actions from time to time. Introduction of Conditional Cash Transfer Schemes is one such program. In keeping with this, the West Bengal government, too, has launched such a scheme, namely "KanyashreePrakalpa", in 2013. Its objective was to encourage girls to continue their education and to delay their age of marriage and to make them empowered. The present study aims to determine how successful KanyashreePrakalpa has been in bringing about the true empowerment of women, a decade after it was first introduced, in two socio-economically different districts of West Bengal, namely Kolkata and Purulia. Of these two districts, Kolkata is a megacity and the capital of West Bengal while Purulia is one of the backward districts of the state that has even received grant from Backward Regions Grant Fund. For this, data was first collected from randomly selected beneficiaries of both the districts with the help of a structured questionnaire and semi-structured interview schedule. The data was then statistically analyzed for uncovering the patterns and trends of the impact of such programs on its recipients living there. Then comparing the results of the scheme between the two districts via T test, the researcher found that while the Prakalpa yielded positive responses from both the districts, it made a greater impact in Purulia.

Keywords

Conditional Cash Transfer Schemes, Genderization, Gender discrimination, KanyashreePrakalpa, Social phenomenon, Status of women, Women empowerment

Navigating Stigma: Adaptation Challenges of Divorced Women in Bangladesh — A Qualitative Exploration

Nafisa Tabassum Bristi, Md. Abdul Kader Miah & Prakash Chandra Roy

Abstract

Divorce is one of the most shocking social problems in Bangladesh. The main challenge a woman faces after divorce is adapting to society. The present study strives to explore the adaptation challenges of divorced women. A qualitative approach is implemented to assess the adaptation of divorced women. The study conducts semi-structured interviews with ten participants (ensuring ethical issues) through the purposive sampling method. The findings encompass seven major themes: a) reasons for divorce; b) impacts of divorce; c) social attitude towards divorcees; d) attitude of the family towards divorcees; e) life satisfaction; f) challenges; and g) adaptation of divorced women. For the proper adaptation of divorcees, the initiatives of the government, non-government organizations, and integrated community-based programs like counseling after divorce, pre- and post-marital counseling programs, training for their employment, and creating awareness at the community level about positive and supportive attitudes towards them are needed.

Keywords

Divorcee, Harassment, Adaptation, Social stigma, and Post-Divorce Challenges

Perceived Life Satisfaction of Institutionalised Single Mothers and Recommended Social Work Intervention in Karnataka State

Harish. K & P.G Aquinas

Abstract

The research on life satisfaction among single mothers (SM’s) often highlights that they are generally an unhappy group. The study views by assessing how institutions shape the satisfaction with life of SM’s. Changes in demographic characteristics, social and economic status have shifted the direction of care of SM’s. The present study is aimed towards understanding the satisfaction with life of institutionalised single mothers located in the rehabilitative institutions like Swadhargreah, in Karnataka State.

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the measurement tool developed by Dienar, Emmons Larsen and Griffin (1985), was used to assess respondents' satisfaction with life. Descriptive research design was applied for the study. Institutionalized SMs within the age group of 15 to 39 were enrolled for the study. The study's findings reveal that institutionalized single mothers are falling behind in nearly all areas, including education, income, and employment. It was observed that institutionalized single mothers are generally dissatisfied with their overall quality of life, as indicated by the studied population.

Keywords

Satisfaction with life, Single Mother, Widowed, Divorced, Separated, Unwed Mothers.

Menstruation in Assam: Beliefs and Practices

Panna Garg and Upala Barua

Abstract

Assam, being the land of the bleeding goddess Kamakhya, holds a special scope for the researchers to look into different aspects of menstruation; people’s perception towards it, associated beliefs and behaviours, such as prohibitions in some works to dos along with their reasons and so on. Menstruation although is a very much needed process for continuation of life, it is not at all considered to be a pure and pious phenomenon. Mother deity is worshipped in this kshetra(land) but simultaneously, physical distancing with menstruating women is practiced. Therefore it is necessary to get people’s perception regarding this biological phenomenon. The process of bleeding every month is not only looked down upon by the males but also by the females who are subjected to go through it.

Keywords

menstruation, practice, taboo, ritual, purity, pollution.

Monitoring menstrual health knowledge, communication patterns and taboos among university students in India

Ashok Kumar, Yukti Dhadwal & Vinit Yadav

Abstract

This research paper explores the communication patterns, knowledge, and taboos concerning menstruation among female college and university students in Haryana, India. The study highlights the lack of healthy communication, knowledge, and menstrual education that can have adverse effects on women's health, especially menstrual health. Data was collected through survey methods from 1698 female students pursuing undergraduate or postgraduate degrees from Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Haryana. The majority of female participants had basic knowledge about menstruation but lack in-depth knowledge and education. The menstrual communication gap led to taboos and stigmas among the students, indicating that there is a need to improve gender-specific communication in families and higher education institutions. The study emphasizes the need to increase education, awareness, and communication about menstruation, and encourage open conversations to reduce stigma. The research suggests a comprehensive menstrual hygiene communication strategy is required to improve menstrual communication in India.

Keywords

Communication, Female students, Knowledge, Menstruation, Taboos.

Customers' Perceptions of the Quality of Banking Services Following Mergers and Acquisitions: An Analysis of the SBI Merger

Nisha.P & K. Kanniammal

Abstract

An organization's success is greatly influenced by finance, which holds a notable position in all sectors, including the banking sector. The principal sources of funding are banks. The banking industry in India has seen significant transformation as a result of deregulation and technological innovation. Merger and acquisition (M&A) is the most significant of the tactics that banks have implemented to react to these developments and become more competitive. Combining two or more businesses into one is known as a merger. Technology advancements and modifications in managerial approaches are primarily to blame for these impacts. Mergers and acquisitions have a great impact on investors, employees, customers, and the world around them. The paper emphasizes the understanding and perspective of customers regarding bank mergers, with a primary focus on them. The majority of the data was gathered from primary and secondary sources. In-depth discussions with 115 SBI employees from various branches in the Palakkad area were used to get the data. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Chi-square test were the statistical techniques used to examine the data that were gathered. According to the study, the majority of customers were aware of the SBI bank merger and happy with it.

Keywords

SBI merger, Acquisition, Customers perception. Customer’s awareness, Customer’s satisfaction, Technology development

Conflict between International Trade Provisions and Climate Change Policies

Neelam Rai & Veer Mayank

Abstract

This research study explores the tricky chemistry between “international trade agreements and environmental concerns,” focusing on “climate change.” Address the conflicts that frequently arise between the principles and objectives of the “MEAs” and the "Trade Agreements", especially within the structure of the “WTO”. The document examines how the 'WTO' rules have managed to adequately integrate the 'climate change' policy, which has led to a dispute between commercial law and environmental regulations. It also uncovers possible solutions and policy recommendations to reconcile these conflicting regulations and promote both economic growth and green and environmentally friendly global business practices.

Keywords

International Trade Law, WTO (World Trade Organization), Global environmental law, Multilateral Environmental Agreement, Climate Change, Convention, Protocols

Religion’s Impact on India’s Commercial and Economic Practices

Uttiya Basu, Kaushik Banerjee, Sudipta Adhikary, Subham Chatterjee

Abstract

This paper examines the historical impact of various religions on the trade system in India. It explores how religious beliefs, practices, and institutions influenced trade routes, commercial- activities, and economic interactions throughout different periods of Indian history. Many Indian religious traditions have fostered artistic and craftsmanship skills, leading to the production of religious artefacts, textiles, and other goods. These products have not only served religious purposes but also contributed to trade and commerce both domestically and internationally. Religious teachings often emphasize the importance of charity and giving back to the community. Additionally, this paper investigates the impact. Through an analysis of various religious traditions, this study aims to shed light on the complexities and synergies between Trade and Religion.

Keywords

Religion, trade, Caste system, Principles, Commerce etc.

Trends and Dynamics in India’s External Energy Policy

Gadde Omprasad

Abstract

In the new millennia, India’s energy policy has been guided by objectives like having access to the energy sources at affordable prices, improved energy supply, diversity in energy resources, and emphasis on renewable resources; sustainability and economic growth. The energy security aspect is extremely important for the countries for faster and overall economic growth as the modern paradigm of economic development demands uninterrupted supply of energy sources at the affordable prices. India has oil reserves of about 783 million tonnes and extracts about 0.7 million barrels per day. The demand stands at about 4.85 million barrels per day and has been facing a domestic production shortage of about 4.1 million barrels per day. This gap leaves India in a vulnerable position of dependency on imports from foreign countries. This vulnerability is also influenced by the developments at the international level. In order to cope-up with the changing dynamics of international system on one-hand and growing demand for oil as well as imports on other, necessitates the country to adopt an external energy policy suitable for both, the country needs and also fluctuations in the international system. The paper attempts to connect the changing dynamics both at the international level and India’s external energy policies since the independence.

Keywords

External Energy Policy; Energy Security; Production of oil; Consumption; Demand-supply gap; Imports; OPEC

Finding the Blue Drums: A Micro Study on Urban Household Water in Delhi

Ivy Dhar

Abstract

The patterns of domestic water access and use are diverse in urban locations and significantly reflect the state of public distribution of water. Delhi’s household water supply is largely dependent on the nature of the land use and whether the location is defined as a formal or informal settlement. The present study is based on the investigation of Unauthorised Colonies of Delhi to show how this type of informal settlement is at the receiving end of discriminated water provision. It is based on a field survey of two Unauthorised Colonies comprising data from 90 households. Methods applied are convenience sampling for collecting household responses on the questionnaire, administering of interview schedule, narrative inquiry in the locality, and non-participant observation. It is to be understood that gender and socio-economic disadvantages intersect the urban water needs. The findings suggest that the informal arrangements of water have become formalised by the regulated use of alternatives. It seems a publicness of water is forcibly built through an informal supply system.

Keywords

Household water, unauthorised colonies, Informal settlements, Urban, Gender, Delhi

A Deep Dive into the Effects of Eminent Domain on victims of Land Acquisition in India

Paramita Bhattacharyya

Abstract

In our modern civilized world, land acquisition for public purpose and development purpose is a regular practice. In the developing country like India, development and industrialization are one of the main focused areas of the government, which leads to a large number of land acquisitions. A high number of displaced people are created in this course of acquisition. The government‘s excessive interference in the acquisition process, fragile compensation policy and resettlement policies and low infrastructure lead the displaced people in more pathetic condition. In India the remedies provided in law to enforce right to property are guided by a set of predetermined factors. The factors are created lots of harassments to the evicted people and hampering basic rights as well as property rights of those people. Land owners had to go through a miserable situation. The Indian Constitution in its original form under Article 19 (1) (f) guaranteed to its citizens the right to property as one of the fundamental rights and Article 31strengthened the right to property by constitutional restraint. Such provisions were replaced by 44 amendments to the Constitution by insertion of Article 300-A. Article 300 A confers the property right as a constitutional right. In the context of the Constitutional provisions and acquisition laws, if government for the public purpose finds any private land for the acquisition, then practically there are no other options left to the private owner to counter the decision and save the ancestral land. The prejudice policies of the government on the compensation etc. have been framed in such a way that a land owner gets transformed into a victim.

Keywords

Development induced victimization, victim of abuse of power, eminent domain, right to property, just compensation

Teacher as a Reflective Practitioner: An Insight into NCF-2005, NCFTE-2009 and NEP-2020

Nilay Mondal & K. N. Chattopadhyay

Abstract

This article analyses the inclusion of reflective teaching practice in the national education policy and curriculum framework and puts major emphasis on the significance and different ways and activities of reflective teaching practice. Reflective teaching practice is a process by which instructors evaluate their instruction in the classroom by revisiting and reassessing their own teaching practices to make better their instructional practices and enhance students’ learning. This is a conceptual research work based on document analysis. The researcher includes three important documents on teacher education, i.e., NCF-2005, NCFTE-2005, and NPST for NEP-2020. The analysis summarises that NCF-2005 emphasizes daily, weekly, and monthly reflection for teachers, emphasizing self-reflection during in-service. NCFTE-2009 promotes reflective practices, recommending process-based curriculum, meaningful school internships, and reflective journal writing. The latest Indian framework, NPST, includes four stages of professional development with specific criteria for reflection, promoting reflective practice among teachers.

Keywords

Reflective practice, NCF-2005, NCFTE-2009, National Professional Standard for Teachers (NPST), NEP-2020

Institution-building Process in the Development of Multidisciplinary Institutions (MDI)

Mohammad Asif & Yeasmin Sultana

Abstract

NEP 2020 and subsequent guidelines from UGC on transforming higher education into multidisciplinary institutions have mandated the establishment of multidisciplinary institutions across Indian state/ districts by 2030. Agreeing with the view that the NEP 2020 recommendation and the Guidelines are prepared on a positive note, scrutiny of these points highlights several challenges on the way to implementing guidelines into practice. There are two major challenges pointed out by the researchers in this paper. The first one is regarding the nature of institutions. ‘Institution’ is not a well-recognised and emphasized idea in the academic circle in Indian context while studying higher education especially in relation to multidisciplinary institutions. The second issue analysed here belongs to the domain of institution building process. It is argued that the concept of institution building is practiced in a half-hearted manner. It is seen more as an exercise of developing institutional infrastructure and other visible and tangible aspects in the name of institution building, but the academic process is not given due weightage. Researchers suggest that to materialize the dream of transforming higher education institutions into multidisciplinary institutions, the process of institution building must be focused.

Keywords

Multidisciplinary Institutions, Higher Education Institutions, NEP2020