Journal - Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2021
Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2021
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Table of Contents
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সত্যজিৎ রায়ের চলচ্চিত্রঃ সামাজিক ও রাজনৈতিক প্রেক্ষাপটে পর্যালোচনা
মোনালিসা ভট্টাচার্য্য
Abstract |
বিংশ শতকের দ্বিতীয়ার্ধে ভারতীয় চলচ্চিত্র জগতে এক নতুন ধারার চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাণ শৈলীর আবির্ভাব ঘটেছিল সত্যজিৎ রায়ের ‘পথের পাঁচালী’(১৯৫৫)–র হাত ধরে। তিন দশকের বেশী সময়কালব্যাপী সত্যজিৎ রায় তাঁর চলচ্চিত্রগুলিতে তুলে ধরেছিলেন সমসাময়িক সমাজ এবং রাজনীতি সংক্রান্ত দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি। ব্রিটিশ শাসনাধীন ভারত এবং স্বাধীনতা ও দেশভাগ পরবর্তী সমকালীন ভারতীয় সমাজ ও রাজনৈতিক কাঠামোকে তিনি নিরীক্ষণ করেছিলেন গভীরভাবে। সেই কারণে পিরিয়ড ফিল্ম এর গুরুত্ব তাঁর কাছে ছিল অপরিসীম; তা সে উনিশ শতক হোক বা বিশ শতকের প্রথমার্ধ, ভারতীয় সমাজ কাঠামোর বিবর্তন বারবার ফিরে এসেছে তাঁর চলচ্চিত্রে। এই কারনেই তাঁর চলচ্চিত্রগুলিতে লক্ষ্য করা যায় ভারতের ঐতিহ্যগত সামাজিক মূল্যবোধের অবক্ষয় সংক্রান্ত ধারণা এবং সেই সঙ্গে মানবতাবাদী দৃষ্টিভঙ্গির প্রতিফলন, যা চিরাচরিত ভারতীয় সমাজ ইতিহাসের পুনর্গঠনে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অনুঘটক হিসাবে দিশা দেখাতে পারে। রাজনৈতিক চলচ্চিত্র হিসাবে তিনি কোন চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাণ করেছেন বলে কখনই দাবী করেন নি। যদিও তাঁর অনেক চলচ্চিত্রেই রাজনৈতিক বক্তব্যের উপস্থিতি লক্ষ্য করা যায়। সত্তরের দশকের চলচ্চিত্র ত্রয়ী শুধু নয়, গু-গা-বা-বা, হীরক রাজার দেশে, গণশত্রু ও আগান্তুক -এ প্রত্যক্ষ রাজনীতির পাশাপাশি ‘ঘরে-বাইরে’ ও ‘সতরঞ্জ-কে-খিলারী’র উপনিবেশিক রাজনীতি তাঁর চলচ্চিত্রে এক ভিন্ন মাত্রা যোগ করেছিল। বর্তমান গবেষণা নিবন্ধের প্রধান লক্ষ্য হল সত্যজিৎ রায়ের চলচ্চিত্রাবলীতে সমাজ সচেতনতা, মূল্যবোধ, মানবতাবাদী দৃষ্টিভঙ্গির পর্যালোচনা। সেই সঙ্গে বিভিন্ন চলচ্চিত্রে সামাজিক দৃষ্টিভঙ্গির সঙ্গে সূক্ষ্ম রাজনীতিকে প্রয়োগ করার যে বিরল দৃষ্টান্ত তিনি স্থাপন করেছিলেন সে সম্পর্কেও আলোচনা এই গবেষণা নিবন্ধের অন্যতম উদ্দেশ্য।
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Keywords |
সত্যজিৎ রায়, চলচ্চিত্রে সমাজ, চলচ্চিত্রে রাজনীতি, চলচ্চিত্র ও মূল্যবোধ, সত্যজিৎ ও মানবতাবাদ, চলচ্চিত্রে ধর্ম ও রাজনীতি।
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The Significance of Social Determinants of Health in Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic
Anita Banerjee and Koel Mukherjee
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Our World is faced with a health emergency of an unprecedented magnitude, which is brought about by the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. The present crisis has completely caught the countries off-guard. The situation is more of concern for developing countries like India, with a vast population. The present precarious scenario calls for adopting overarching policies of health beyond the ones provided by the health care professionals. The authors dwell upon one such model of health which has been initiated long before but somehow not been seriously pursued that is the Social Determinants of Health Model (SDH). The authors have attempted to explain how socio-demographic status has a profound impact on health outcomes. The study is exploratory in nature and is based on secondary sources of data accessed from census of India. The article concludes by suggesting how the SDH (model) can help in leading a healthy and safe life by preventing the spread of Corona Virus.
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Keywords |
SDH; Covid-19; Hygiene; Health policy
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Further Interpretation of the Microlithic Occurences of South Koel River Basin, North Western Odisha
Priyanka Mandal
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The principal aim of this article is to re-examine the recent findings of Stone Age culture of the South Koel river basin of North-Western Odisha as well as its geological context of occurrences. The density of microlithic artifacts is exceptionally high in this region than the Paleolithic and Neolithic artifacts. Sites are recorded from the flat surface of the foothill region and from the upper gravel of the older alluvium deposition. Three successive periods of Stone Age culture have been recorded from this area, from the basal gravel one hand axe is recovered and microlith in association with two Neolithic artifacts have been reported from the upper gravel. In addition to this, an attempt has been made to understand the lifestyle of the indigenous people of this area through the open-ended semi-structural interviews which further emphasize the hunting-gathering practices of the local people.
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Keywords |
stone Age culture, Palaeolithic tool, Neolithic tool, Microlith, Colluvium, Alluvium
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Reading a newly emerging art culture: The Pardhan Gonds
Riti Agarwala
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The Pardhan Gonds constitute a part of one of India’s largest tribal communities, the Gonds.The study of specialised knowledge systems and lifestyles of adivasis have often been attempted from various disciplinary perspectives. Identified and championed by the British-born Indian anthropologist, Verrier Elwin, the Pardhan Gonds are not among the ‘lesser-known’. However, the transformations in the artistic community have given them a dynamic identity. My paper thus aims to study the artistic community of the Pardhan Gonds through their stories and cultural narratives alongside shedding light on the larger categories of folk and tribal art by referring to the currently emerging Pardhan Gond art system,which is not just found within the frames of the museum but also in the form of books, art prints. Art forms of such kind are abounding in India- be it Maithili, Warli, Tanjore, Pattachitra or Rajasthani miniature, none can be generalised as such art forms have a genealogy of their own.
The appreciation of the adivasis in this respect is likely to be identified as yet another form of ‘essentialisation’. However, in between these discourses and counter-discourses, representations from such communities perhaps offer new space to discuss resistance and revival of subjugated knowledge.
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Keywords |
Pardhan Gonds, folk art, tribal art, art culture, visual and oral narratives.
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Modern National Art in Early Twentieth Century and the Decline of Patna Kalam
S G Jaipuriar
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Starting from the late eighteenth century, Patna Kalam developed and evolved over more than a century in response to uniquely colonial transactions between indigenous artists and a British clientele. The socio cultural context of ‘new’ India in the early twentieth century gave rise to certain influential ideas in the discourse on Indian art. The rise of the modern national art helmed by Abanindranath Tagore had a profound influence on art and how it was viewed. Patna Kalam’s decline was inextricably linked to this.
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Keywords |
Patna Kalam, Company Painting, Modernity, Alternative Modernities, Modern National Art, Modern Indian Art History, Ishwari Prasad, Abanindranath Tagore
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The Body in Indian Classical Tradition – Analyzing Ilango Adigal’s Shilappadikaram
Suryendu Chakraborty
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The term Shilappadikaram incorporates two words, silambu and adikaram, literally assuming the meaning, ‘the tale of an anklet or silambu’. Interestingly a silambu draws our attention to the woman’s body that must be lived in a particular cultural ethos to adorn itself with an anklet, and give the opportunity to the author to base his story around the same. This paper seeks to engage itself with the sociology of embodiment in the context of Indian Classical literary tradition, helping us to understand how bodies were formulated, not only in physical and psychological space, but also in cultural, social and literary domains. This paper through an analysis of Ilango Adigal’s Tamil epic Shilappadikaram, seeks to work on a paradigm of embodiment, in the context of Tamil and interrelated Sanskrit aesthetics. The paper is not on a ‘finding’ spree, nor is a study of anything new or different; rather addresses a familiar issue as to how literature sees lives to be shaped; but from a different standpoint of highlighting human bodies to be the markers of social and cultural information and integration. The model of the human bodies as represented here, with their expressive equipments such as appearance, dress, demeanor or even sexuality are shown to be a part of the social and cultural history; providing an interface between aesthetics and reality.
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Keywords |
Aesthetics, body, breast, Kannaki, Kovalan, Tamil
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European influence on the Thakurdalans: A Religious Architectural Remain of 18th-19th Century’s Calcutta
Sangita Kar
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This article focuses on the Thakurdalans of Hindu ‘new elite’ houses in Calcutta, in the years between 1757 and 1900. During mid-18th to early 19th century, when this city was emerging as a new trade centre it had witnessed several cultural diversity and influence. Impact of these diversity and influence has been preserved not only into the dwelling houses of the Hindu ‘new elite’ or the wealthy city dwellers but in their place of worship, in Thakurdalans also. These Thakurdalans or the place of worship were constructed as an adjacent part of the main residential houses with numerous European architectural features. The aim of the paper is to locate these European architectural features on this specific religious structure Thakurdalans of Calcutta. Massive use of European architectural motifs on Thakurdalan may indicate to the new socio-cultural practice of a new economic community. This article also tries to indicate the strategic role of those motifs of the Thakurdalans in a changing society where this new cultural practice emerged and went obsolete during the course of a time.
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Keywords |
Thakurdalan, European Architectural Features, Motifs and embellishments, Culture.
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The Naval Architecture and Administration of the Marathas
Dolly Purohit
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The present paper is an attempt to study the different aspects of Maratha naval administration. Of a time when the other indigenous powers did not realize the importance of navy, it was Shivaji and later Kanhoji Angre and his successors who understood the significance of controlling the waters of western coast and thus, established their own navy at the time when various European powers like the Portuguese, the Dutch and the English were establishing their sovereignty over the sea. By establishing their own indigenous navy, the Marathas possessed a strong threat to these European powers. The paper tries to highlight the strategies adopted by Marathas and also the ways in which they dealt with these Europeans as well as the Siddis of Janjira. The paper mainly deals with the naval administration of the Marathas including their shipbuilding activity, types of vessels and ships they constructed, their recruitment policies, various taxes and also the significance of sea forts.
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Keywords |
Maratha, Naval power, fort
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Political Processes of Goa Kadambas
Aditi Shukla
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The Goa Kadambas emerged in the tenth century AD and established their kingdom in Konkan including Goa. Initially hailing from the family of Banavasi Kadambas, they ruled Goa for almost four centuries. The Goa Kadambas inscriptions and coins are the sources for the study that help in understanding the political processes as well as the stage of state formation during their rule. The state administration, agrarian expansion, maritime trade of the Kadambas gives an insight into their administrative capabilities. This paper is an attempt to bring to light the various aspects of statehood in the state of Goa Kadambas. This paper argues that the Goa Kadambas, though occupying a relatively smaller geographical territory, was an emerging state and not just a ruling lineage.
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Keywords |
Inscriptions, Alupas, State, geographical territory, economy, trade, agrarian expansion, Kadambas, Goa
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Myanmar and BRI Connect
Munmun Majumdar
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The BRI-driven plan to link China and Myanmar via trains, roads and ports, is aimed to give Beijing not only an alternative route for fuel and other shipments, but also access to the Indian Ocean. Myanmar is a crucial cog since it enables China access to the Indian Ocean. This serves China’s purpose of ensuring its energy supplies, economic and military interests that has implications for India. This article argues that China will continue to engage Myanmar for advancing its geopolitical ambitions.
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Keywords |
China, India, Myanmar, BRI, Indian Ocean, Connectivity.
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The Uyghurs of Xinjiang: Politics of Identity and Internal Colonialism
Kunal Debnath & Souvik Chatterjee
Abstract |
The Uyghurs are the aboriginal people of Central Asia, and constitute an ethnic Turkish Muslim minority group in China’s North Western region, known as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) or East Turkestan as many Uyghurs prefer to identify it. Current trajectory of Uyghur nationalism makes it clear that the Uyghurs have been resisting the dominant Chinese nationalism narrative since the mid-20th century CE because of their own perception of nationhood. Due to their ethno-religious minority status they are being continuously discriminated socially and economically in Chinese society. The Uyghurs both in physical and ethnic set up are distinguishable from the dominant Han people. This study is an attempt to understand the Uyghurs problem not only from the nationalism perspective but also from a new understanding of internal colonialism. It tries to uncover the factors that are equally responsible for the Uyghurs’ demand of right to self-rule. In this aspect, three different perspectives have been employed. Firstly, to locate the question of Uyghurs’ identity from their peripheral position in Chinese society; secondly, from the perspective of the dominant Chinese nationalists, in other words, Sinicization of minorities; thirdly, to make sense on the issue from perspective of internal colonialism.
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Keywords |
Uyghurs, Xinjiang, Identity politics, Right to self-rule, Sinicization, Assimilation, Internal colonialism.
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The Impact of Vulnerable Family Relation on Female Criminality: Its Forms, Causes, and Consequences in Society.
Md Mazharul Islam and Md. Ishtiaq Ahmed Talukder
Abstract |
Female criminality may be a quickly developing issue in our society. It has negative impacts on our standard of living and the encompassing world. It influences the solidarity and solidarity of our society. Vulnerable family relation works as a cause of the different societal problems and could for female criminality. It is vital to connect the family workforce, the position of females within the family, and female culpability. This study tried to determine the impact of vulnerable family relations on female criminality. Family relation imposes different impacts on female to engage in crime. Various aspects and family procedures are the liable factors of this problem, such as maladjustment in the family, domination, different necessities. Female criminals had done different offenses for discrete purposes and situations such as drug business, murder, kidnapping and theft. This study will help enrich academic knowledge to understand and control female crime in society.
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Keywords |
Dysfunctional Family, Family Relation, Female Criminality, Family Conflict, Family pressure
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Women Executives And C-Suite
Mamta Verma & Dr. B.S. Rathore
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Corporate India is still struggling to bring women to the top, currently at only 3%. It has been observed that the status of women in paid employment is improving gradually from the past few years in India but at the same time progression of women in a position of leadership is not growing at the same pace. Women are finding it very difficult to hold their executive leadership position in such a male dominant society where the environment is highly dominated by women. However, women who are holding strong executive positions are contributing to the effective achievement of organizational objectives. Many organizations are adopting the strategies for the facilitation of gender diversity that is contributing towards the economic growth and broader performance of women. This is also helping business organizations to retain the quality of women managers in the company and effectively optimizing the available women resources in an organization. In a highly competitive world, the C-suite level is the new path for the career developers who are seeking to develop strong career growth. Women are also reaching this high level of C-suite by performing the roles of leaders and playing the role of COOs, CFOs, CMOs, CIOs, if women in the pipeline do not increase we will never find enough CEO material at the top. The leadership behaviors of women executives believed essential to their success in an executive level position are: develop self-awareness, get results, value relationships, recognize and reward performance, foster collaboration, take risks, be resilient, learn to assimilate, value lifelong learning, and find balance. Women are gradually reaching this level of C-suite executive irrespective of the gender disparity present in the society.
The paper includes the societal impact over the influence of the status of women in the society. The paper focuses the way in which due to male-dominating society, the status of women is not able to come up. The critical analysis of the paper states that there are many people in the society who are jealous of the high positions and status of the women. These people restrict women from taking challenging positions in the industry. Multiple barriers are stopping women to reach and perform the role of elite leadership in the business industry and society. The status of women in leadership is strongly affected by the underrepresentation of women in leadership. This underrepresentation is prevailing from multiple reasons like gender disparity, structural barriers, attitudinal barriers, double bind and the most challenging maintaining work life balance. The total sample taken for the research analysis is 200 using the random sampling method.
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Keywords |
Women Underrepresentation, leadership behavior, double bind, women executives
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Tibetan Nuns: Reviving Saṅgha in the Land of its Origin
Debapriya Ghosh
Abstract |
The religion of Buddha, Dhamma-Saṅgha, which had declined from the land of its origin, is the most popular religion of the 21st century. With the decline of this religion in the past, the community of nuns also vanished from India. But incidentally, in the present day, the community is reviving through the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition in the land of its origin. In 1959, China occupied Tibet and ceased its connection with India. Being unable to practice their religion, the people of Tibet had to leave their country. Like the monks, keeping themselves at risk, nuns also escaped from Tibet and came to Dharamsala, home-in-exile of their religious leader, 14th H. H. Dalai Lama. The devotion to spirituality was the only motivation for them to sustain themselves with difficulties. In order to support the nuns, the Tibetan Nuns Project was then established in 1987, to provide the basic care for ordained Buddhist nuns. The main focus of this organisation was to preserve the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition and prepare the nuns as a teacher similar to the monks. In the present day, several nunneries are established to preserve the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition in Dharamsala. Aim of this paper is to understand the rising community of Buddhist Nuns. Research was done by interviewing the nuns in Dharamsala. Data was collected with the help of semi-structured interview schedules, prepared for the purpose.
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Keywords |
Dharamsala, H.H. Dalai Lama 14th., Nuns, Saṅgha, Tibetan Buddhism, Women Empowerment.
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ঔপনিবেশিক বাংলায় মাতৃত্ব
(১৮৮০ – ১৯১৪)
নূপুর দত্ত
Abstract |
ভদ্র হিন্দু পরিবারের কন্যারা “গৃহস্থ বাড়ির মেয়ে” নামেই অধিক পরিচিত। বিবাহ ছিল তাদের জীবনের একটি অপরিহার্য অঙ্গ। বিবাহের মাধ্যমে তারা স্বামীর ঘরে ও সমাজে নতুন পদমর্যাদা লাভ করতেন। বাইরের জগতের সাথে তাদের প্রায় কোন সংযোগ ছিল না। তাদের জীবন অন্দরমহলের চারিদিকে আবর্তিত হোত। বিবাহের পরবর্তীকালে সন্তানের জন্ম হলে নারীর পদমর্যাদা আরও বৃদ্ধি পেত। বিশেষ করে যদি পুত্র সন্তান জন্মগ্রহণ করত তবে নারীরা সংসারে সর্বোচ্চ পদমর্যাদা লাভ করতেন। ছেলের জন্ম হলে নারী হতেন ‘খোকার মা’। সুতরাং একজন স্ত্রীর থেকে ‘খোকার মা’-র মর্যাদা অনেক বেশি ছিল। এ প্রসঙ্গে প্রশ্ন জাগে যে ‘নারীরা কি সত্যিই ঘরের দেওয়ালের মধ্যে সুরক্ষিত ছিলেন’ ?
যে সব নোংরা পরিবেশে তারা সন্তানেরা জন্ম দিতেন তা ছিল নরকের নামান্তর। এই সামাজিক সমস্যা ব্রিটিশদের সামনে এলে তারা তাদের বিভিন্ন লেখনীর মাধ্যমে আলোচনা করতে শুরু করেন। নারীদের এই দুর্ভোগের কাহিনী সমসাময়িক পত্রপত্রিকা গুলোতেও লিপিবদ্ধ করা হয়েছে।
এই আলোচনার মাধ্যমে নারীদের সেই সব দুর্ভাগ্যজনক দিনগুলি বিশ্লেষণ করে দেখার চেষ্টা করা হয়েছে। অষ্টাদশ শতকের শেষ ভাগ থেকে প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ পর্যন্ত সময়কালে গর্ভবতী নারীদের স্বাস্থ্য, পুষ্টি ও প্রজননে সহায়িকা ধাইদের সম্বন্ধেও আলোচনা করা হয়েছে। এ প্রসঙ্গে সমসাময়িক সাহিত্য থেকে এ বিষয়ের সম্পর্কিত উদাহরণ নেওয়া হয়েছে। এই ভাবে এই আলোচনার মধ্যে দিয়ে অন্দরমহলের একটা প্রতিচ্ছবি তুলে ধরার প্রয়াস করা হয়েছে।
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Keywords |
নারী, মাতৃত্ব, সন্তানপ্রসব, দাইমা, সমকালীন সাহিত্য।
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Nutritional status of Children in Slums of Kolkata Municipal Corporation
Avishek Banerjee and Uma Sankar Malik
Abstract |
Children are the future of any nation. Children who live in slum environments are more vulnerable to malnutrition. The present study highlights the prevalence of malnutrition among slum dwelling children aged up to 5 years and its association with demographic and socio-economic factors. For this study primary survey was conducted from December, 2019 to January,2020 in some selected slums of Kolkata Municipal Corporation. A total of 253 children were studied, anthropometric measurements such as height, weight etc. were taken following WHO guideline. Socio- economic and demographic information was collected using structured questionnaire. The study reveals that, prevalence of malnutrition in terms of stunting, underweight, and wasting are prevalent in slums and it is ly associated with socio-demographic factors identified, such as, age, birth weight, birth order, educational profile of parents, economic status of family, working status of mother and nutritional status of mother.
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Keywords |
Child Malnutrition, Slum, Stunting, Underweight, Wasting
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE CLASSROOOM ANXIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMNACE IN SECOND LANGUAGE ENGLISH: A STUDY ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Sampriya Misra
Abstract |
In this modern technological era and rapidly changing society, English language acquired the outmost importance to almost every nation. In the present study, the researcher took efforts to assess classroom anxiety, one of the significant psychological factors in English language learning and also to locate the strength of relationship between English classroom anxiety and students’ academic performance. The researcher developed a scale ELCAS consisting 60 items to measure the classroom anxiety of the students in their English classroom situation. For collecting required data, 200 students studying in class VIII were selected from the two districts in West Bengal. The developed test was standardized following the methods of test-retest and Cronbach’s Alpha test. The value of test re-tests reliability found to be .84 and the value of Cronbach’s Alpha was .85. The test was administered upon the students, consisting of two different sub groups, urban-rural and boys-girls. For quantitative data analysis, t- tests, Pearson’s coefficient of correlation and simple regression and prediction method were conducted. The result shows that a high negative correlation exists between classroom anxiety and academic performance in English. From regression and prediction analysis, anxiety proved to be a significant predictor for the English language acquisition of the adolescent learners. No significant gender difference shows between the girls and boys in their English language classroom anxiety whereas in case of academic performance in English, urban students show better results than the rural students in the same issue.
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Keywords |
Language anxiety, classroom anxiety, English language learning, secondary school students.
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Growth and Diversification of Consumption Spending in Rural India:
An Inter- State Analysis
Pamela Paul and Prankrishna Pal
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During the past two decades, the rural economy in India has grown expressively faster than the urban economy. The economic reforms of 1991 have explored the new job opportunities, increased the degree of urbanization, raised the level of education and enhanced the presence of media and exposure to it and have thus influenced the lifestyle of the consumers. As a result, the consumers’ tastes and preferences have changed and the expenditure patterns on food and non-food items have changed in rural India as a whole and in the rural areas of the constituent states during 1983-2011/12. In this paper, the basic objective is to analyse the trend of monthly per capita consumption expenditure of food and non-food commodities and the degree of diversification of the consumption expenditure in rural India and its constituent states during the period of 1983 – 2011/12 using the five different rounds of NSSO data. Here, we have used Annual Compound Growth Rate and Theil entropy measure to show respectively the spending growth rate and the level of diversification of food and non-food baskets in India and its constituent states during the period under study. Our estimates reveal that the expenditure growth rate of food basket has declined whereas that of non-food one has increased in rural India and its constituent states. The degree of diversification is initially quite higher in non-food basket compared to food one but over time the reverse has happened in all the constituent states in rural India.
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Keywords |
Consumption expenditure, Growth rate, Spending Diversification Index.
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বানতলা চর্মনগরীঃ এশিয়ায় অন্যতম বৃহৎ একটি চর্মশিল্পকেন্দ্রের বাণিজ্যিক শ্রীবৃদ্ধি, কর্মসংস্থান, শ্রমিকস্বাস্থ্য ও ভবিষ্যৎ বিষয়ক একটি সমীক্ষা
মহম্মদ মাসুদ আখতার
Abstract |
চর্মজাত পণ্যের উৎপাদনের নিরিখে ভারতের স্থান পৃথিবীতে চতুর্থ, বিশ্বব্যাপী মোট উৎপাদনের প্রায় ১২.৯৩ শতাংশ উৎপাদিত হয় এখানে। চীন, ব্রাজিল, রাশিয়ার পরেই ভারতের অবস্থান। দ্য কাউন্সিল ফর লেদার এক্সপোর্টস -এর দেওয়া তথ্য অনুযায়ী ২০১৯ - ২০২০ অর্থবর্ষে ভারত থেকে ৪.৬৪ বিলিয়ন আমেরিকান ডলার (২০১৮-২০১৯ অর্থবর্ষে এই পরিমান ছিল অবশ্য ৫.৬৯ বিলিয়ন আমেরিকান ডলার) মূল্যের চর্মজাত পণ্যের রপ্তানি হয়েছে। গত বেশ কয়েক বছর ভারতের GDP -র ক্ষেত্রে চর্মজাত পণ্যের অবদান প্রায় ১% এবং জুতা প্রস্তুতকারী সংস্থাগুলির অবদান প্রায় ২%। পরিসংখ্যান প্রমাণ দেয় চর্মশিল্প ভারতের অন্যতম প্রধান একটি অর্থ উপার্জনকারী ক্ষেত্র। ভারতবর্ষের মধ্যে তামিলনাড়ু, উত্তরপ্রদেশ ও পশ্চিমবঙ্গ চর্মশিল্পের ক্ষেত্রে তাৎপর্যপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করে। বানতলাকে কেন্দ্র করে ১৯৯৬ সালে কলকাতাকেন্দ্রিক চর্মশিল্পের কর্মযজ্ঞ শুরু হয়। কেন্দ্রীয় সরকারের চর্মশিল্পের ক্ষেত্রে নতুন কিছু নীতির আরোপ এবং উত্তরপ্রদেশ সরকারের কানপুরের চর্মশিল্পের উপর বিভিন্ন নিষেধজ্ঞা জারির জন্য ওই সকল স্থানের বেশ কিছু চর্ম ব্যাবসায়ী এখন বানতলামুখী। বানতলার সামনে এখন এশিয়ার সর্ববৃহৎ চর্মনগরী হওয়ার হাতছানি। বিগত দু দশকে বানতলা কতটা এগিয়েছে তার স্বপ্নের দিকে, পাশাপাশি কী কী অন্তরায় আছে এখানে সেই বিষয় নিয়েই বর্তমান প্রবন্ধ।
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Keywords |
চর্মনগরী, বানতলা,তোপসিয়া-ট্যাংরা-তিলজলা,ট্যানারি,কর্মসংস্থান, বিশ্ববাজার
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Development of Agriculture in Assam during Colonial Period
Jaysagar Wary & Bijit Brahma
Abstract |
Since ancient period, the people of Assam practiced agricultural activity as the main source of livelihood. The self-sufficient agricultural system continued till the advent of British in Assam. The advent of British brought overwhelming development in agriculture that replaced the agrarian practices with new agrarian reform on land which ensured security and easy access to land reclamation for extensive cultivation in terms of commercial aspects. The commercial aspects in agriculture facilitated the credit facilities to the cultivators and also welcomed more hardworking peasants into Assam from outside the province that enabled rapid growth in agricultural production.
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Keywords |
Agriculture, land, colonial policy, cultivators, labours, credit facilities, crops, and migration.
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