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Journal - Volume 6, Issue 2, December 2020
‘Saato Haraunu’ -a notion of similar to Soul Loss: The glimpses of ethnic revival among the Mangars and Limbus of Darjeeling
Manisha Thapa and Pinak Tarafdar
| Abstract | The article highlights the phenomena of Saato Haraunu (soul loss) among the two hill communities of Darjeeling. Saato Haraunu is a kind of sickness prevalent among the children moreover; it also affects shamans during their pre-initiation phase. In spite of similar kind of experiences both in Saato Haraunu and shamanism still one of the under study populations does not hold the scheduled tribe status. The present endeavour has made the exploration unique through the application of auto-ethnographical approach and participant observation of Saato Haraunu and shamanism by the first author which are further conceptually furnished by the second author. It also reveals that soul loss and subsequent shamanic practices remain at the foundational core of both the communities and embedded in the deepest layer of the culture even in the contemporary era and among the formally educated members also. It also emerges as one of the conspicuous factors for retaining and rejuvenating the tribal status for achieving further goals. |
| Keywords | Saato Haraunu (soul loss), shamanism, scheduled tribe, auto-ethnography, participant observation, Mangar, Limbu, Darjeeling |
Study on Stress among Indian Army People: Evidence from various Literature Studies
Rajwinder Kaur
| Abstract | The study aims to identify various factors responsible for stress among Indian army people and tries to suggest some measures to reduce stress. Reviewed literature highlights the stress causing factors that are conflict in roles, lack of work control, lack of awareness of profession or work, work pressure and job load, different attitude of boss and supervisors, lack of support from colleagues, improper training, ineffective leadership, and lack of role clarity, working conditions, family separation and demographic variables. It is highlighted that stress among army personnel spoils their marital relations, create tensions, and reduce effectiveness of soldiers. It is recommended to implement yoga practices, redressal of grievance mechanisms, psychological counsellors and recreational activities so that stress level can be reduced and manage in a proper manner. |
| Keywords | Stress, Factors causing stress, Army Personnel, Indian Army. |
What does Belt and Road initiative connote for Bangladesh: A window of opportunities or potential challenges ?
Shah Md Azimul Ehsan
| Abstract | Much speculation has been spurred among scholars and policy-makers around the world regarding Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), previously known as One Belt One Road (OBOR). There is no denying the fact that it is the biggest initiative of its kind under the leadership of a single nation, China, recorded in human history, and if implemented properly, could prove a game changing grand initiative, which would change the geo-political landscape of Eurasia to China’s favor. Nevertheless, many critics have dubbed it as China’s own “Marshall Plan” for spreading its hegemony. Bangladesh officially became a part of this herculean project in 2016 with high hopes and believe that it would open up window of opportunities. Being one of the signatories of sustainable development goals (SDGs), Bangladesh is committed to achieve sustainable development and integrate those global goals in its national plans and policies. As the country will soon graduate from least developed country (LDC), funding from western allies will dry up in the near future. And so materializing those goals and continuing its robust economic growth and pace of socio-economic development might get halted if the necessary financial backing is not ensured. It is expected that supplementary source of financing will come from various projects related to BRI which would further led to infrastructural development both at land and sea routes in Bangladesh. The positive externality and trickle-down effect of those efforts would mean more employment generation, sustained economic growth, bridging the trade deficit with China along with other socio-economic benefits. This qualitative study drawing information from secondary sources argues that albeit BRI can turn out to be a blessing for Bangladesh; however, it will have to negotiate multiple challenges which include- high rate of interest while borrowing leading to debt-trap; non-involvement of other Asian giant, India in BRI; environmental degradation; not well developed financial system and weak governance system leading to grand corruptions; threat for sovereignty etc. Hence, the study makes a modest suggestion that the Bangladeshi policy makers need to be extra cautious and strategic before making any deals related to BRI projects considering the sensitivity of the issue. |
| Keywords | Belt and Road Initiative, Bangladesh-China relations, opportunities, infrastructural development, regional integration, challenges, Sino-India rivalry, debt-trap. |
The Hazaras in Life and Literature:
The Representation of the Hazaras in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner
Anirban Bhattacharya
| Abstract | The paper aims to focus on the representation of the marginalised Hazara community in Afghanistan through Khaled Hosseini’s seminal work, The Kite Runner. The Hazaras have been brutally persecuted, discriminated and enslaved for over a century since the late 19th century. The paper shows the importance of Hosseini’s work to explore terrains in culture studies which have not been treaded earlier. The Kite Runner is the first English novel depicting the experience of the Afghans before America’s entry into Afghanistan after 9/11. Hosseini being a Pashtun and writing about the Hazara community promises an atmosphere of change and hope for the ethnic minority communities in Afghanistan. |
| Keywords | Hazara, Taliban, ethnic minority, post 9/11 novel, multidisciplinary, social science, literature. |
Trends and Patterns of Female Work Participation in Koch Bihar District, West Bengal: An Analysis
Sangita Karmakar & Ranjan Roy
| Abstract | Female work participation is an indicator of economic development. Female are the backbone of our society and female work participation is nothing but the symbol of women empowerment which drives the society towards the development. In Koch Bihar district female work participation rate is 20.67% against male work participation of 58.24 % as per 2011 census. In this paper an attempt has been made to show the trend of female work participation , temporal variation of female work participation and gender disparity in work participation in the district based on data collected from different secondary sources . Block wise female occupational structure has been shown here with some cartographic techniques. To measure disparity Sopher’s Disparity Index (modified by Kundu & Rao ,1986) has been applied. Statistical analysis like standard deviation , CV, correlation has been done on excel to fulfil the objectives. The study reveals that though the female work participation is very low in the study area but it is a little bit higher than state average and is in increasing trend. There exist male female disparity in work participation in both rural and urban areas. Out of 12 blocks 3 blocks having high disparity. Beside this, spatial pattern of economic activities shows that most of the rural women are predominantly engaged in agriculture work. |
| Keywords | Female work participation rate (FWPR), disparity, Sopher’s Index, agricultural worker , occupational structure. |
The Corporate Social Responsibility Status in Nepal
Sudip Wagle & Ajeya Kumar Gupta
| Abstract | Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the most important strategic tools for business in the 21st century. Incorporations world, it is not so mandatory about how much spend money; it is to a greater extent about how make money in the long run. This review paper aims to find out the status and the trend of CSR in Nepalese corporate world. The study is descriptive; nature in cross-sectional and is based on a printed material. It has four major findings. First, Nepalese entrepreneurs have been doing CSR activities for a long time. Second, the level of CSR activity in Nepal is even lower than in developing countries. Third, nowadays, Nepalese corporations have much awareness about the significance of CSR. Eventually, most corporations have fallen out the philanthropic model of CSR. This article has been done only on the basis of those materials which are accessible during the work time. The report is valuable to academicians, a future researcher as government bodies to acquire info on what form of CSR activities are taking place in Nepal. This type of cross-sectional analysis, perhaps has not been done based in the Nepalese context. At last, it is correct to say that right now corporations have not been able to take out their mandatory CSR activities accordingly as required but its pattern shows there is rich potential for optimism. |
| Keywords | CSR, Models, Status in Nepal, Mandatory, Sustainable Development |
The study of the process of transformation from ivory to wood carving in Jaipur, Rajasthan and its effect on the craftsmen
Sudipa Saha and Sutapa Choudhury
| Abstract | Rajasthan, the western most state in India is a repertoire of cultural heritage. Countlessexamples of tangible and intangible cultural elements are scattered over its diverse territory. Among those its handicraft traditions are the most remarkable amalgamation of tangible and intangible cultural traits. Jaipur the capital of Rajasthan had a long antiquity of ivory craft dated back to seventeenth century and continuously practiced till the complete ban of ivory in 1990. However, the high demand of ivory objects in different parts of the world led to the ruthless killings of elephants, as such, the authority had to sacrifice the art for the sake of the survival of the nature’s mighty creature. The craftsmen mostly belonging to Kumawat community are still struggling there to survive with some alternative raw materials of ivory like sandalwood, kadamba wood, bone and artificial ivory. The goals of this articleare to assess the effects of the change on the craft and the craftsmen, to find out whether there is any continuity of the age-old traditional craftsmanship still exist even after the change of the raw material and to formulate sustainable strategies for the further development of the heritage craft with alternative raw materials. |
| Keywords | Intangible cultural heritage, traditional craftsmanship, ivory carving, wood carving, sustainable development |
Role of Ethno Medicine in Sustainable Development Process- An Ethnographic Study in the Villages of Bankura District, West Bengal
Moumita Gupta
| Abstract | The paper is on ethno medical practices among three Santhal villages from Bankura district,, namely, Ekkadwar, Jambedia at Mukutmonipur and Ramnathpur at Sushunia. The population size is about 225, 250 and 95 respectively. Present study is focused upon the knowledge of Santhals about medicinal plants locally available, which are used by the Santals to cure some diseases they suffer from. Although the public sectors provide modern allopathic treatment the village people still dependent on ayurvedic treatments, on the plant products locally available. Availability of ingredients as well as medical practitioners are the two factors that enhance their acceptance of ayurvedic treatment. Trust on their own cultural tradition is responsible for following such practices for generations. Sustainable development is studied for the medicinal plants and knowledge of their application in ailments. |
| Keywords | Santhal, Ethno-medicine, Health-care system, Ayurvedic treatment, Medicinal plants. |
Saderlongs: Heritage of Thunder Stones of the Lepchas
Rongnyoo Lepcha
| Abstract | Stones play an important role in the Lepcha culture. One of the most important stones being Saderlong or thunder stones. The world sees them as Neolithic stone tools but for the Lepcha community it has a much deeper meaning and usage. They are used as medicines to cure many general illnesses, as charms to ward off evil auras; they are also put in the foundations while Lepchas build their houses and most of all as protection against thunder. It is a well established belief that these stones are sacred and are objects of divine powers and that comes from the sky. This article explores how the Lepchas have integrated these stones in their culture and given meaning to how these stones came to exist. It also highlights the cultural significance attached to them in the Lepcha culture and the different uses the community derives from these stones. |
| Keywords | Stones Play, evil asuras, Lepcha culture, beliefs, sacred stones |
Mahatma Gandhi’s Views on Machinery: Ideas, Manifestations and Practicality through the Prism of Ethical Reasoning
Tridib Chakraborti and Mohor Chakraborty
| Abstract | Mahatma Gandhi’s attitude towards machinery has passed through three different phases. In the early years of his political thinking, Gandhi was opposed to the concept of machinery and industrialization and justified his arguments based on ethical and economic rationale. However, in the later years, he modified his previous standpoint on machinery, as he realized the distinction between machinery and industrialization on the one hand and between different types of machinery, on the other. He persistently denounced industrialism, i.e. centralized mass production, but acknowledged the limited use of machinery within stringent restrictions for human welfare. During this time, he did not advocate the abolition of machinery, but spoke for its limited usage. In other words, Gandhi, during this phase, amended his earlier stance and upheld his opposition not to machinery but to the obsession for machinery. It is in this backdrop that this paper highlights Gandhi’s views on machinery and the question of ethics, which is extremely topical and relevant in this digitized global order, invariably thrust upon us, as the world reels under the pandemic situation. |
| Keywords | COVID-19, Gandhi, Hind Swaraj, Khadi, machinery, Satyagraha, |
Idea and Practice of Fearlessness: Gandhi’s Noakhali Experiment
Arnav Debnath
| Abstract | M.K.Gandhi’s (1869-1948) use of “ahimsa”, i.e. nonviolence as a “political weapon” as to the question of “Hindu-Muslim relation” in particular in pre-independence India faced one of its hardest challenges in Noakhali of the undivided Bengal (now in Bangladesh) in 1946-1947. The organised violence unleashed by the majority Muslims on the minority Hindus created the point of no return - a “Do or Die” condition for Gandhi which made him set up an experiment upon nonviolence heavily armed with the idea and practice of “fearlessness”, another primal observance in Gandhi’s thought. This paper attempts to spell out the categories relating to the understanding of the idea of ‘fearlessness’ which he propelled with an eye to restore the communal trust along with nonviolence to the people of both communities and how the idea, in its varied forms, had been put into effect by the satyagrahi exemplars, including Gandhi himself, in Noakhali. The practice of fearlessness in Noakhali adds further importance to it for its being ‘political’ by nature as specific for Muslim League’s anti-national politics of disintegration (of Indian nation) against the larger context at that juncture of historical time. |
| Keywords | Fearlessness, Nonviolence, Hindu-Muslim relation, Satyagrahi, Violence of the strong, Violence of the weak. |
Communal Violence and the Law in India – A Legal Perspectives
Sairam Patro
| Abstract | India has a composite culture where people of all religions, caste and communities are equal before the law as enshrined in the Indian constitution. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 recognizes that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights without any distinction of any kind including religion. Communal violence tends to create internal disturbance, destroy the basic fabric and threatens the unity and integrity of the nation, the supreme law of the land, mandates the Central Government and the State Government to take effective measures to suppress communal violence perpetrated on such a magnitude and dimension which threatens the secular fabric and unity and integrity of the nation |
| Keywords | Communal Violence, Human Rights, Offences, Criminal Justice System |
Jawaharlal Nehru’s Attitude towards Science and Technology
Roshani Rai
| Abstract | Jawaharlal Nehru, who is counted amongst the greatest and the most outstanding world figures of the twentieth century, was the principal architect of modern India. The second President of India and the great philosopher-statesman, Dr. Sarvapalli Radha Krishnan also once stated about Jawaharlal Nehru: “No homage is necessary for him. Modern India is the greatest monument which he has built for himself.” Since scientific spirit formed the basis of Nehru’s attitude towards life, he stated: “It is now patent that without science and technology we cannot progress,” and that “modern life is an offspring of science and technology.” Therefore, this paper seeks to study how Nehru’s scientific spirit and his love of science and commitment to science played an influential role in guiding his policies in the fields of agricultural production, industrial development and advancement of science and technological developments after he became the first Prime Minister of independent India. |
| Keywords | Jawaharlal Nehru, modern India, scientific spirit, science, science and technology, atomic energy, planning, agriculture, industry, technological development. |
Problems of Urbanisation on Governance: A Review of Silchar Town
Deepanwita Dey Purkayastha & Debotosh Chakraborty
| Abstract | The fast rate of urbanization due to the massive inflow of people from rural to urban areas which makes the cities as large centers for investment has come around with a number of social and economic as well as civic problems. With the massive growth of population as well the growing role of urban centers, the role administration has become utmost important to regulate the life of the common masses. The present paper is concentrated on understanding the challenges faced by urban governance due to rapid and unplanned urbanization of Silchar town. A field survey was conducted amongst280 numbers of residents from different occupational backgrounds who are being selected from 14 numbers of wards under Silchar municipality as well as20 members of the Municipal Board i.e. both elected and employed for obtaining their views towards mitigating the effect of rapid urbanization of the town. The study reveals that ever growing problems on urban governance can be resolved by efficient leadership of the Board and coordination between the district administration and the Municipal Boardin general and active participation of the common people in all affairs of the town in particular. |
| Keywords | urbanization, migration, municipal board, governance |
Teachers’ Attitude towards Choice Based Credit System at U.G. Level Colleges
Suman Jana & Abhijit Guha
| Abstract | In the present study the investigator attempts to study the attitude of U.G. level teachers towards choice based credit system. CBCS is the solution for the transformation of an education system from the traditional ‘teacher oriented education’ to a ‘student-centred education’. For this purpose sample of 262 college teachers were randomly selected. To collect the data, attitude towards CBCS scale (reliability = 0.839) developed by Bindumal (2015) was used. Descriptive statistics had been applied for data analysis. Also inferential statistics like‘t’-test and ANOVA had been applied to find out the result and inference. The study reveals that U.G. level teachers have a favourable attitude towards CBCS. Arts and Science teachers are significantly differ in their attitude towards CBCS, but Male and Female, Rural and Urban & Teaching Experience wise college teachers do not differ significantly in their attitude towards CBCS. |
| Keywords | Attitude towards CBCS, Undergraduate Teachers |
Education of a Special Class: Anglo Indians of British Bengal
Sweta Dey
| Abstract | Anglo Indian or Eurasian community was unique as it was the product of the imperial enterprise and to that extent they were inimitable since their origin. The education of this class drew comparatively less attention of the historians as this community was not a mainstream category of population. The different layers between the ‘pure white’ and ‘marginal white’ made it a more intrinsic class to converse. The education especially the elementary education of this community of Bengal evolved in its own way leaving the void to investigate many a questions for extensive research. There were several official reports which show that Anglo Indians were treated as a special category that needed special attention and care in the segment of education. European schools which were established to cater for the need of this class were unique in their structure, management, composition and curriculum. The education especially the elementary education of this class was first left upon the philanthropy of the Evangelicals and eventually they were taken into the fold of the mainstream education providing it with a special consideration. This paper by using both qualitative and quantitative sources seeks to investigate the concealed agendas of educational policy of the Anglo Indians and how far these were guided by the imperial interest. |
| Keywords | Education, Anglo-Indians, Eurasians, Colonial Bengal, European schools, Agenda, Imperialism. |
EDUCATION AS MEDIUM TO TRANSFORM CULTURAL VALUES
KUSHAL DE
| Abstract | Education is considered as the best means to condition or de-condition any society. The basic principle underlying Indian education was to acknowledge the fact that the self is separate from the body, mind or senses and all pleasures are sought for the satisfaction of these faculties. Indian civilization reached its glory banking on these philosophies but the modern educational system adapted from the West contradicts these indigenous principles. The questioning culture was replaced by a commanding culture. The new system proposed, defined and validated ideas which were to be accepted unquestioned by the masses. Accumulation of data deemed worthy for the entire population and reproducing them on demand became the new name of genius. This mad race hypnotized the masses to believe data as ultimate knowledge, truth as a static principle, knowledge as receivable from external agencies; thereby leading to the mediocrity of society. |
| Keywords | civilization, education, liberation, methodology, patronage, values |
Attitude towards E-learning of Higher Secondary school students of Birbhum District in West Bengal
Nandini Banerjee, Amarnath Das, Chiranjit Nayak
| Abstract | The study has highlighted the attitude towards e-learning of higher secondary school students of Birbhum District in West Bengal. At the backdrop of present ICT-based learning in Education, like E-Learning, as effective alternative tools of education have been given vent and an effort has been made to relate student’s Attitude towards it. In this regard, it may be considered a little footstep. From this angle of vision, the objectives of this study have been stated and the gravity of this problem has been unfolded. Based on different researches made on Attitude Towards E-Learning a review has been made. The descriptive survey method was used for the present study. A random sampling technique was chosen to collect the sample. The sample consisted of 120 students of Ten Higher Secondary Schools of Birbhum district in West Bengal. Here Standardized questionnaire (ATES-RD) is used to collect data from the sample and to interpret the collected data with the statistically 'T'-test is used. The collected data is analyzed through Mean, Standard Deviation, Z-score, and 'T’-test (large independence sample). In course of the comparison, it was revealed that most students have the average attitude towards e-learning and there is no significant difference among the Male & Female, Rural & Urban, and Arts & Science Students in their level of Attitude Towards e-learning at higher secondary level school |
| Keywords | Attitude, E-Learning, Higher Secondary Students. |
মুক্তির ছাড়পত্র - বার্ধক্য
শর্মিষ্ঠা ঘোষ
| Abstract | মানব জীবন শৈশব, কৈশোর, যৌবন, প্রৌঢ়ত্ব এবং পরিশেষে বার্ধক্যের দ্বারপ্রান্তে এসে উপস্থিত হয়। সাধারণভাবে ‘বৃদ্ধ’ শব্দটির মধ্যে ক্ষয়, অক্ষমতা, দুর্বলতা, দুঃখ এই ধরণের কিছু নঞর্থক চিন্তা সম্পৃক্ত থাকে। কারণ বৃদ্ধ বলতেই আমরা এক অক্ষম, দুঃখজর্জরিত, বা দুর্বল মানুষকে বুঝে থাকি। ফলত মানব জীবনে এই পর্যায় উপস্থিত হওয়ার পূর্ব থেকেই অনেক মানুষ ‘বার্ধক্যে উপনীত হলে অক্ষম হয়ে পড়বে, সবাই অবহেলা করবে’ এই ভেবে অবসাদ গ্রস্ত হয়ে পড়ে। বৌদ্ধ দর্শনে বার্ধক্যকে দুঃখ বলা হয় এবং এই দুঃখ থেকে মুক্তির উপায়ও নির্দেশ করা হয়েছে। কিন্তু বার্ধক্য শুধু নঞর্থক এক অবস্থা নয় বা বার্ধক্য এক দুঃখজনক অবস্থা নয়, বার্ধক্য মানব জীবনের এক অনিবার্য পরিণতি, একটি পর্যায় বা স্তর। বার্ধক্যে বেশ কিছু সমস্যা অবশ্যই আছে, যাকে আমরা বার্ধক্যে দুঃখ বলতে পারি। এই দুঃখগুলি কিভাবে জয় করা যাবে তার জন্য সমাজকে যেমন এগিয়ে আসতে হবে, ঠিক তেমনি বৃদ্ধব্যক্তিদের নিজেদেরও তার উপায় বার করতে হবে। বার্ধক্য মানুষকে পরিণত করে সুসংস্কৃত হতে, সুমার্জিত হতে, সুসংশোধিত হতে; একটি পরিপূর্ণ মানুষ হতে সাহায্য করে। শারীরিক অক্ষমতাকে জয় করতে হবে, বার্ধক্যের নতুন ফসল অভিজ্ঞতা – যা বৃদ্ধব্যক্তির গভীরতর জীবনবোধ জাগ্রত করে, তার নিরিখে বৃদ্ধব্যক্তিকে নিজের মূল্যায়ন করতে হবে। তাই বার্ধক্যকে দুঃখ ভেবে তা থেকে মুক্তির কামনা নয়, বরং বার্ধক্য যে নতুন জীবনবোধ নিয়ে আসে তা বৃদ্ধব্যক্তিকে দেয় মুক্তির ছাড়পত্র। সংসারের ছোটখাটো বন্ধন বৃদ্ধব্যক্তিকে আর আবদ্ধ করতে পারে না, সমাজের মঙ্গলার্থে তার সম্মুখে উন্মুক্ত হয়ে যায় সুবিশাল দ্বার। শারীরিক অক্ষমতাকে জয় করে মনের শক্তির দ্বারা সে এগিয়ে যাবে ঐ সুবিশাল দ্বার দিয়ে সমাজের কল্যাণ করতে, এতদিনের সঞ্চিত অভিজ্ঞতা, জীবনবোধকে কাজে লাগানোর উত্তম সময় হল বার্ধক্য। এই প্রবন্ধে দেখার চেষ্টা করেছি বার্ধক্য অবহেলার নয়, দুঃখের নয়, জীবন যেহেতু ঈশ্বরের দান, আর এই জীবনের এক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ হল বার্ধক্য। এই বার্ধক্যই মানবজীবনকে সম্পূর্ণ বা পূর্ণতর করে তোলে। |
| Keywords | জরা, রসায়নতন্ত্র, দুঃখ, অক্ষমতা, আয়ুর্বেদ, বার্ধক্য, মুক্তি |
গৌড়ীয় নৃত্যে আবহ সংগীতের পর্যালোচনা
সোমাশ্রী কোলে এবং মহুয়া মুখোপাধ্যায়
| Abstract | বিভিন্ন সম্প্রদায়ের মানুষের বাস এই বাংলায়।বঙ্গে বৈদিক যুগের আগে থেকে দ্রাবিড় ও আর্যজাতির সংমিশ্রণে মিশ্র সংস্কৃতির সৃষ্টি হয়।বৌদ্ধ, জৈন, তান্ত্রিক, শৈব, বৈষ্ণব প্রভৃতি নানা সম্প্রদায়ের নৃত্য, গীত, তন্ত্রীবাদ্য, সরস্বতী বীণা, সহস্র বীণার পরিচয় পাই। শিলভদ্র, শান্তি রক্ষীত, চন্দ্র গোমিন,বাংলার পাল রাজত্বের সময় আচার্য ছিলেন নালন্দার। বল্লাল সেন, জীমূতবাহন,গৌড়পাদ, চক্রপানি দত্ত, ধোয়ী, হলায়ুধ, গোবর্ধন আচার্য, সন্ধ্যাকর নন্দী প্রমুখ বাঙালি সিদ্ধাচার্যদের গ্রন্থ মধ্যযুগের অমূল্য সম্পদ, যাতে নৃত্যগীত বাদ্যের অজস্র প্রমান পাই; যা ‘গৌড়ীয় সংগীত’ নামে প্রচলিত ছিল। গৌড়ীয় সংগীতে বাংলার প্রাচীন ছয় রাগ ও ছত্রিশ রাগিণী সহ নৃত্য ও বাদ্যের পরিচয় পাই। বৈষ্ণব পদাবলী কীর্তন গুলি এইসব প্রাচীন রাগে গাওয়া হয়। দণ্ডীনের কাব্যে ভাষার দিক থেকে গৌড়ী রীতি ও গৌড় মার্গ নামের উল্লেখ আছে।তাই সেই গৌড়ীয়সংগীত যে শাস্ত্রীয় ছিল তা কোন কোন শাস্ত্র গ্রন্থে কত খৃষ্টাব্দে রচিত হয়েছিল তার উল্লেখ করেছি।যেকোন নৃত্য গীত বাদ্য ধারা শাস্ত্রকে আশ্রয় করে গড়ে উঠেছে। তাই শাস্ত্র, ভাস্কর্য, চিত্রকলা হল নৃত্য গীতের জীবন্ত দলিল। |
| Keywords | গৌড়ীয়নৃত্য, গৌড়েরসংগীত, প্রবন্ধ গীতি,চর্যাগীত, মনসামঙ্গল, শৈবনৃত্য, রঙ্গমঞ্চ। |
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